Archive for the ‘Neutrinos’ Category
Spacecraft Updates | SciByte 23
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Find out the latest on Russia’s failed attempt to reach Mars, NASA’s new mission, and we’ll update you on the biggest stories of the month, including a few updates that could have huge impacts for physics!
Too much out there is just plain distraction, why can’t we have our cake and eat it too? There are a lot of interesting things going on out there in science, but getting to the interesting bits without all the hype you get from major media outlets is a trick we at Jupiter Broadcasting are hoping to pull off.
SciByte will provide you with a treasure trove of small talk for your next cocktail party, the knowledge to show off to friends and family, and provide you the means, with the help of our trusty show notes, to further investigate the things that interest you the most.
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Phobos-Grunt : Update
- Last time on SciByte
- SciByte 20 (Nov
- The low down
- Launch Date : November 9, 2011 at 00:26 a.m. Moscow time [Nov. 8 3:36 p.m. EST]
- It successfully launched by a Zenit–2 booster rocket just after midnight Moscow time Wednesday , separated from the booster about 11 minutes later and was to fire its engines twice to set out on its path to the Red Planet, but never did
- Scientists had hoped that studies of Phobos’ surface could help solve the mystery of its origin and shed more light on the genesis of the solar system.
- About seven tons of nitrogen teroxide and hydrazine are on board
- Also a small amount of cobalt–57 onboard the spacecraft, which is intended as a gamma ray source for the probe’s soil spectrometers. Cobalt–57 has a half life of about 270 days / ~ 9 months
- What should have happened is that two and a half hours after launch, the first burn should have put the spacecraft into an higher orbit around Earth, and a second burn should have occurred 126 minutes later, which would have sent it the spacecraft to Mars. Neither occurred
- encountered problems with either computer software or the propulsion system
- The spacecraft surprised everyone by maneuvering on its own, raising its orbit a few times
- Significance
- Nov 22 : a ground station in Australia heard an acquisition of a radio signal [Perth station heard a signal from Phobos-Grunt at about 2025 GMT (3:25 p.m. EST)]
- Nov 23 : ESA’s tracking station in Australia again established two-way communication with Russia’s Phobos–Grunt spacecraft, data received from the spacecraft have been sent to the Russian mission control centre for analysis
- Nov 24 : signal was received at a Russian station at the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on Thursday afternoon
- Nov 25 : Russian specialists have deciphered telemetry data received
- Nov 25 : contact was lost again, as the ESA ground station near Perth Australia was unable to establish contact during several passes over the ground station
- * Of Note*
- Phobos-Grunt could be sent to orbit the Moon or may be even an asteroid
- Theoretically, Grunt’s lander could set down on any celestial body with a gravitational force similar to that of Phobos (should such asteroid candidate exists) the return capsule back to Earth might be utilized to deliver a sample of the asteroid
- Even if they can’t save the mission telemetric data from the spacecraft could help identify the causes of the failure and make adjustments for future interplanetary missions
- Multimedia
- VIDEO : Launch of Phobos-Grunt @ YouTube
- VIDEO : Phobos-Grunt rocket moving into place @ YouTube
- VIDEO : in orbit as seen from ground @ YouTube
- VIDEO : Mission Animation @ YouTube
- VIDEO : Will Phobos-Grunt fall to Earth @ Space.com
- The Phobos-Grunt mission profile @UniverseToday.com
- Social Media
- Twitter Results for [#PhobosGrunt](https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23PhobosGrunt)
- Further Reading / In the News
- Russian President Vows To Punish Space Officials [RIA Novosti] @ SpaceNews
- Phobos-Grunt goes silent again @SpaceToday
- Distant-sensing news from Phobos-Grunt received
- [Phobos-Grunt could be rerouted to visit an asteroid @NewsScientist](
http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/11/phobos-mission-phones-home-as.html)
- Data beamed from Russia Mars probe deciphered @MarsDaily
- Russia ‘makes first contact’ with stranded Mars probe (Update) @ PhysOrg
- ESA station keeps contact with Russian Mars mission Phobos-Grunt @ ESA.int
- Contact Established with Phobos-Grunt Spacecraft — Can the Mission Go On? @ UniverseToday
- It’s Alive! Russia’s Phobos-Grunt Probe Phones Home @Space.com
- It’s alive! Russia’s Phobos-Grunt probe phones home @ SpaceFlightNow
- Consolation Prize for Phobos-Grunt? Experts Consider Possibilities for Sending Spacecraft to Moon or Asteroid @ UniverseToday
- Russia Races to Save Mars Moon Probe from Space Junk Fate @Space.com @ Space.com
- Trouble for the Phobos-Grunt Mission @UniverseToday
- Russian probe fails to set course to Mars – Roscosmos @ Rian.ru
- Russians desperately try to save Mars moon probe (Update) @PhysOrg.com
- Outlook Grim for Stranded Russian Mars Moon Probe @Space.com
- Chance of Russia Mars probe rescue ‘very small’ @PhysOrg.com
- Russia’s attempts to save Mars probe unsuccessful (Update) @Physorg.com
- Phobos-Grunt: a legal analysis of potential liability and options for mitigation @ The Space Review
NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory “Curiosity” Rover : Updates and more
- Last time on SciByte
- SciByte 18 (Oct 25)
- Rover low down
- Target Landing Date: August 5, 2012
- Length : 9 feet / 2.8 meters
- Total Weight : 1,984 pounds / 900kg [Scientific Instruments = 176 pounds / 80kg]
- Mission duration 668 Martian sols (686 Earth days)
- Not going to use the ‘airbag’ landing that the other rovers have used; a parachute will slow the rover’s descent toward Mars [Diameter of 51 feet /16 meters]
- Rocket-powered backpack will lower the rover on a tether during the final moments before landing YouTube Video – @
- It will perform the first-ever precision landing on Mars
- Launch vehicle low down
- Launch vehicle Atlas V 541
- The Atlas 5 blasted off with nearly 2 million pounds of thrust it equipped with four solid-fuel strap-on boosters for additional power, the 1.2-million-pound
- The mission got underway on time at 10:02 a.m. EST (GMT–5) from launch complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
- Four-and-a-half minutes after takeoff, the first stage dropped away
- Earth-escape velocity of 22,500 mph
- Telemetry from the rocket was spotty during a 20-minute coast to the Mars departure point
- During the eight-and-a-half-month cruise to Mars NASA will test the rover’s instruments, adjust the craft’s trajectory, and tweak the control software
- * Signatures Story*
- On the rover’s deck is a plaque inscribed with the signatures of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, in addition to other administration and NASA leaders
- The Autograph plaque will be visible and that at some point will be photographed on Mars by Curiosity’s camera-topped mast
- The signatures plaque continues a more than 40-year tradition of sending presidential plaques on planetary missions
- Elsewhere on the rover is the autograph of the 14-year-old girl from Kansas who gave Curiosity its name
- More than 1.24 million names from members of the public who signed up through NASA have digital signatures on chips about the size of a dime
- The names from the public were etched into silicon using an electron-beam machine used for fabricating micro-devices at JPL
- More than 20,000 visitors to locations of work on the rover at JPL and Kennedy Space Center wrote their names on pages, which were scanned and reproduced at microscopic scale on another chip
- Of Note
- As Curiosity drives over the martian terrain, the groves in each wheel will form a string of ‘dash’ and ‘dot’ imprints – morse code that will spell out “J-P-L.” Picture of Rover Morse Code
- Multimedia
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Mars Science Laboratory Launch
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : MSL Launch Day Sep Video in Space
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity Rover) Mission Animation
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Mars in a Minute: Is Mars Really Red?
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Building Curiosity: Landing System Drop Test
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Mars Curiosity Rover – First Test Drive
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover Animation
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Curiosity Update: Curiosity’s Stunt Double Takes a Spin
- ‘Curiosity Cam’ @ Ustream provided live video from the construction
- VIDEO : Curiosity Rover’s Perculiar Mars Landing Described @ Space.com
- VIDEO : New Mars Rover Powered by Plutonium @ Space.com
- VIDEO : New Mars Science Rover Landing Site – Birds Eye View @ Space.com
- VIDEO : Tumbleweed Rovers Could Explore Mars @Discovery News Videos
- Photo Gallery: Last Look at Mars Rover Curiosity Before Launch @Space.com
- Photos: Curiosity Rover, NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory @ Space.com
- Photos: Gale Crater on Mars, Curiosity Rover’s Landing Site @ Space.com
- Photos of Mars: The Amazing Red Planet @ Space.com
- Slide Show : When Discovery News Met Mars Rover ‘Curiosity’ @ Discovery.com
- Infographic : Inside Huge Mars Rover’s Sky Crane Landing @ Space.com
- Photo : Mock up’s size comparison @ NASA.gov
- Rendition Size comparison – landers @ NASA.gov
- Photo of parachute to be used @ NASA.gov
- Social Media
- Curiosity Rover @MarsCuriosity
- NASA JPL @NASAJPL
- Further Reading / In the News
- Phobos-Grunt goes silent again
- NASA’s Curiosity Rover Flying to Mars with Obama & Others’ Autographs Aboard
- Next Stop Mars! Huge NASA Rover Launches Toward Red Planet
- NASA’s Curiosity rover flying to Mars with Obama’s, others’ autographs on board
- Mars Science Laboratory begins cruise to red planet
- 11 Amazing Things NASA’s Huge Mars Rover Can Do @ Space.com
- Complete Coverage: NASA’s Huge New Rover Launching to Mars @ Space.com
- Mars Science Laboratory @ marsprogram.jpl.NASA.gov
- MSL launch delayed to Saturday, Nov. 26 @ NASA.gov
- A Mars Rover Named “Curiosity” @NASA.gov
- NASA’s Curiosity Set to Search for Signs of Martian Life @ universetoday.com
- 7 Biggest Mysteries of Mars @ Space.com
- New NASA missions to investigate how Mars turned hostile @ PhysOrg.com
- Journey to the Red Planet: A Mars Missions Timeline @ Space.com
- Mars rover carries device for underground scouting @ PhysOrg.com
- Mars Rover Curiosity Gets Sealed Up @ Discovery.com
- Could New Rover’s Wheels Deliver Germs to Mars? @ Discovery.com
- Curiosity Rover Testing in Harsh Mars-like Environment @ UniverseToday.com
- Encapsulating Curiosity for Martian Flight Test @ UniverseToday.com
- Assembling Curiosity’s Rocket to Mars @ UniverseToday.com
- Closing the Clamshell on a Martian Curiosity @ UniverseToday.com
- Curiosity Rover Bolted to Atlas Rocket – In Search of Martian Microbial Habitats @ UniverseToday.com
- NASA’s Next Mars Rover Hoisted Atop Rocket @ Space.com
- Curiosity Mars Rover Almost Complete @ UniverseToday.com
- Mars Science Laboratory @ Wikipedia.org
YU55, the molten asteroid : Update

- Last time on SciByte
- SciByte 19 (Nov 1)
- The low down
- In July 2010, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft flew within 3,200 kilometers of Lutetia, peered at the asteroid and attempted to read its stony story.
- Images from the OSIRIS camera reveal that parts of Lutetia’s surface are around 3.6 billion years old. Other parts are young by astronomical standards, at 50–80 million years old.
- Scientists think it is a leftover planetary seed, booted into the main belt
- Lutetia turns out to have one of the highest densities of any known asteroid: 3400 kg per cubic metre.
- The density implies that Lutetia contains significant quantities of iron, but not necessarily in a fully formed core.
- Earlier studies of its colour and surface properties showed that Lutetia was rare and represented less than 1% of the asteroid population of the main belt
- Significance
- OSIRIS camera on ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft, ESO’s New Technology Telescope (NTT) at the La Silla Observatory in Chile, and NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii and Spitzer Space Telescope were combined
- This combined data provided the most complete spectrum of an asteroid ever assembled
- Lutetia’s spectrum matched that of one particular class of meteorite called enstatite chondrites, which are known to date from the early solar system
- Enstatite chondrites are thought to have formed close to the sun and to have served as building blocks for the rocky planets
- Making Lutetia a rocky remnant of the material that formed Earth, Venus and Mercury about 4.5 billion years ago
- It was most likely booted out to its current location after a run-in with a young planet
- Of Note
- Astronomers have estimated that just 2 percent of the bodies that formed where it likely did ended up in the main asteroid belt
- Multimedia
- Astronomy Picture of the Day : YU55
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : First Video of YU55, 860,000 miles (1.38 million kilometers) away
- VIDEO : NASA | Swift Captures Flyby of Asteroid 2005 YU55 @YouTube.com
- Asteroid 2005 YU55 Passes the Earth @ Astronomy Picture of the Day
- Animation showing Asteroid 2005 YU55 moving across the sky
- Social Media
- Twitter Results for [#YU55](https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23YU55)
- Further Reading / In the News
- Swift Satellite Captures Asteroid 2005 YU55′s Tumbling Flyby @UniverseToday.com
- Swift Satellite Captures Asteroid 2005 YU55′s Tumbling Flyby @UniverseToday.com
Faster than light Neutrinos : Update


- Last time on SciByte
- SciByte 17 (Oct 18)
- The low down
- Neutrinos are among the weirdest denizens of the weird quantum subatomic world. Once thought to be massless and to travel at the speed of light, they can sail through walls and planets like wind through a screen door.
- 1300-metric-ton particle detector named Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus (OPERA)
- Since neutrinos hardly interact at all with other matter, they stream right through the ground, with only a very few striking the material in the detector and making a noticeable shower of particles.
- Significance
- New high-precision tests in Italy broadly confirm its claim to have detected neutrinos travelling at faster than the speed of light
- Some members continue to insist that further checks are needed before the result can be considered sound
- The new tests, did away with the statistical analysis by splitting each pulse into bunches just 1- to 2-nanoseconds long
- Confirmed that the neutrinos arrived 60 nanoseconds early, with an uncertainty of about 10 nanoseconds, comparable to that of the initial result
- A major concern among the dissenters is the fact that the “time window” within which neutrinos were detected by OPERA in the most recent run had a width of 50 nanoseconds, when it was initially assumed that this window was just 10 nanoseconds wide
- Leaves open the possibility, they say, that not all possible errors have been accounted for
- Food for thought
- Are there yet skill some unforeseen forces acting on the equipment or experiment?
- Do photons actually travel at the maximum speed of light?
- This process will take a while, and many repeated experiments at various locations.
- Multimedia
- IMAGE – Cern test ‘breaks speed of light’ @ bbc.co.uk
- IMAGE: Universal Speed Limit?
- IMAGE – The Neutrino’s Path ‘Side Vies’
- IMAGE – The Neutrino’s Path ‘Top View’
- IMAGE – Global Gravity model
- VIDEO – Global Gravity model
- VIDEO – New results from OPERA on neutrino properties @ CERN
- CERNtv @ youtube.com
- Social Media
- Twitter account for CERN @CERN
- Twitter account for OPERA @
- Further Reading / In the News
- Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos: OPERA Confirms and Submits Results, But Unease Remains
- Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment @ news.sciencemag.org
- Tiny Neutrinos May Have Broken Cosmic Speed Limit @ NYtimes.com
- Speed-of-light results under scrutiny at Cern @ bbc.co.uk
- Faster-than-light neutrinos face time trial @ Nature.com
- Special Relativity May Answer Faster-than-Light Neutrino Mystery
- Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam @ Cornell University Library
- The OPERA neutrino velocity result and the synchronisation of clocks @ Cornell University Library
- A simple explanation of OPERA results without strange physics @ Cornell University Library
- Findings that showed faster-than-light travel were released to the public too soon @ PhysOrg.com
- OPREA – Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus
- Critics take aim at fast neutrinos
*— NEWS BYTE — *
Super Saturnian storm
- The low down
- a giant storm has wrapped itself around Saturn
- it has around for more than 200 days making it the longest-lasting observed storm
- There is a giant hole torn into the deeper layers of Saturn’s atmosphere
- Multimedia
- Picture : Saturn Storm in July 2011
- Picture : Saturn Storm in Nov 2011
- Picture : Saturn Storm over time (large image)
- Further Reading / In the News
- Super Saturnian storm
Gumby-Bot
- The low down
- The Harvard team, borrowed from squids, starfish and other animals without hard skeletons to fashion a small, four-legged rubber robot
- The new robot, is 5 inches long. Its four legs can be separately controlled by pumping air into the limbs, either manually or via computer
- A drawback is that the robot is tethered to an external power source
- Significance
- robots designed to squeeze through hard-to-reach cracks after a disaster like an earthquake or navigate rough terrain in the battlefield
- * Of Note*
- Tufts University earlier this year showed off a 4-inch caterpillar-shaped robot made of silicone rubber that can curl into a ball and propel itself forward
- Multimedia
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Harvard’s Flexible Robot
- VIDEO @ YouTube.com : Harvard’s Flexible Robot
- IMAGE : Gripping an Orange
- VIDEO @ BBC News
- VIDEO @ Phys.org
- Social Media
- Harvard University @Harvard
- Harvard University
- Further Reading / In the News
- Harvard researchers build flexible robot that can crawl, slither under a pane of glass @ WashingPost
- Bendy robot can squeeze under obstacles @ BBC News
SCIENCE CALENDER
Looking back
- Dec 04, 1819 : 192 years ago : Watermarking – A triple paper was patented in Britain by Sir William Congreve that could incorporate a colored watermark visible when the paper was held up to the light, to make currency harder to counterfeit
- Dec 6, 1830 : 181 years ago : US Navel Observatory – One of the oldest scientific agencies in the U.S., was established as the Depot of Charts and Instruments in Washington, D.C. Its primary mission was to care for the U.S. Navy’s chronometers, charts and other navigational equipment.
- Dec 6, 1850 : 161 years ago : Ophthalmoscope – Hermann von Helmholtz announced his invention, the ophthalmoscope, to the Berlin Physical Society. It revolutionized ophthalmology, enabling a view inside a person’s eye to see the details of the living retina, diagnose eye diseases and prevent blindness. Ophthalmoscope Retina from Ophthalmoscope
- Dec 06, 1945 : 66 years ago : Microwave Oven – The microwave oven was patented.
- Nov 30, 1954 : 57 years ago : The Sky WAS Falling – In Alabama, USA, Ann Hodges, was bruised on the arm and hip by a meteorite that fell through the roof of her house, smashed the case of her wooden radio and struck her as she lay resting on her sofa. The meteor made a fireball visible from three states, even though it fell early in the afternoon Image Image Image of Meteorite
- Dec 01, 1997 : 14 years ago : Planets align – Eight planets from our Solar System lined up from West to East beginning with Pluto, followed by Mercury, Mars, Venus, Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, and Saturn, with a crescent moon alongside that lasted until Dec 8. The planets also aligned in May 2000, but too close to the sun to be visible from Earth. It will be at least another 100 years before so many planets will be so close and so visible.IMAGE
Looking up this week
- You might have seen …
- Nov 9 Filament Eruption CME VIDEO @ YouTube
- Nov 11 Coronal Mass Ejection VIDEO @ YouTube
- Nov 21 Aurora Spectacular VIDEO @ YouTube: Around the world in 90 minutes
VIDEO : Around the world in 90minutes @ Vimeo - Black Friday’s Secret Solar Eclipse @ UniverseToday

-
Keep an eye out for …
-
All this week during dawn hours, Saturn and Spica remain 5 degrees apart all this week, or about half the width of your fist held at arm’s length. IMAGE
-
Friday, Dec 2nd : Moon hits first quarter IMAGE
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Monday, Dec 5th : Jupiter will be to the lower left of the Moon at nightfall. Only the Moon and Venus outshine it.
-
More on whats in the sky this week
Neutrinos & Tatooine | SciByte 17
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We take a look at the so called ‘Tatooine’ planet that hit the news recently, some updates on the supposedly faster than light neutrinos, new underwater invisibility cloak technology, maps, Mercury, Tsunami tech, and even take a peek at what’s up in the sky this week.
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Show Notes:
Why did we bring SciByte back?
Chris:
- Too much out there is just plain distraction, why can’t we have our cake and eat it too? This is an important mission for us at Jupiter Broadcasting. We don’t want to offer only entertainment, but also information, news, and other things that just make you a treasure trove of small talk at your next cocktail party!
- I almost see it as a public service too, this stuff is important and it impacts our entire universe!
Heather:
- There are a lot of interesting things going on out there in science, but getting to the interesting bits without all the hype you get from major media outlets is a trick we are hoping to pull off.
- The whole scientific method is about investigation and acquiring new knowledge to add to or correct old knowledge. We’ll provide you with enough knowledge to show off to friends and family and provide you the means, with the help of our trusty show notes, to further investigate the things that interest you the most.
“Tatooine” Planet
- The low down
- Located near the western wingtip of the constellation Cygnus the swan.
- Both stars are cooler and smaller than our sun, one is 69% and the other only 20% the size of our sun
- Kepler 16A and 16B orbit each other every 41 days.
- The two stars are approximately 2 billion years younger than our solar system
- Kepler–16b is half rock and half gas
- The planet orbits around both stars every 229 days (Venus orbits out sun every 225 days)
- Kepler–16b lies outside the habital zone
- Temperatures on Kepler16b are thought to be around –100 to –150 F / –73 to –101 C
embed[http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=111428361]/embed
- Significance
- Kepler–16b falls inside the radius that was thought to be the inner limit for planet formation in a binary star system, at about half the distance it was thought would be needed for a stable orbit
- Next year, Kepler–16b’s transit will cause a 1.7 percent drop in the brightness of the bigger star, which will be visible in parts of Asia to amateur astronomers with telescopes.
- Due to variations in the orbital plane of the Kepler 16b system as seen from Earth the planet will stop crossing one of the stars as soon as 2014 and cease transiting the other, brighter one in 2018. It will be around 2042 before the show starts up again for Earthlings.
- Bill Welsh of San Diego State University was presenting convincing evidence at the conference for at least three and possibly a dozen other circumbinary planets in the Kepler field of view.
- Multimedia
- Binary Sunset in Star Wars EpIV A New Hope
- VIDEO @ NASA.gov of a top-down artist rendition of the two-sun one-planet system discovered
- VIDEO @ NASA.gov of a edge-on artist rendition of the two-sun one-planet system discovered
- VIDEO @ Space.com Planet with Twin Star Discovered
- Video @ NASA.gov Discovery of Kepler–16b
- IMAGE @ NASA.gov – Where in the sky is Kepler looking?
- IMAGE @ UniverseToday.com – Planets discovered in Keplers Field of View
- Social Media
- Twitter account for Kepler: @nasakepler
- Twitter account for Ames: @nasaames
- Further Reading / In the News
- Kepler Mission
- NASA.gov – NASA’s Kepler Mission Discovers a World Orbiting Two Stars
- Space.com – Planet Like ‘Star Wars’ Tatooine Discovered Orbiting 2 Suns
- NASA Detects Planet Dancing With a Pair of Stars @ NYTimes.com
- From Star Wars to science fact: Tatooine-like planet discovered @ SmithsonianScience.org
- On Kepler–16b, shadows come in pairs @ ScienceNews.com
- Planet Hunters are Losing Count @ SkyAndTelescope.com
Faster than light Neutrinos

- The low down
- Neutrinos are among the weirdest denizens of the weird quantum subatomic world. Once thought to be massless and to travel at the speed of light, they can sail through walls and planets like wind through a screen door.
- 1300-metric-ton particle detector named Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus (OPERA)
- Neutrinos come in three varieties and can morph from one form to another as they travel along, an effect that the Opera experiment was designed to detect by comparing 10-microsecond pulses of protons on one end with pulses of neutrinos at the other.
- OPERA detects neutrinos that are fired through the earth and make the 450mi/730km trek from the European particle physics laboratory, CERN
- Since neutrinos hardly interact at all with other matter, they stream right through the ground, with only a very few striking the material in the detector and making a noticeable shower of particles.
- Significance
- Over 3 years, OPERA researchers timed the roughly 16,000 neutrinos that started at CERN and registered a hit in the detector. They found that, on average, the neutrinos made the 730km / 450mi, 2.43-millisecond trip roughly 60 nanoseconds faster than expected if they were traveling at light speed. (~ 0.0025% faster)
- There have been over 80 papers either attempting to explain the result using various exotic theoretical models or challenging the experimental calculations
- One group countered that challenge by saying they will print a revised version of how they synchronized the clocks to make the method clearer
- Various part of the surface of the Earth are exposed to very slight deviations in gravity
- The CERN site in Switzerland where the neutrinos were fired has a slightly stronger gravitational pull than Gran Sasso Italy where they were detected.
- This slight difference in gravity would affect how fast the two clocks at each end ran.
- Keeping time is again the domain of the GPS satellites which each broadcasting a highly accurate time signal from orbit some 20,000km overhead
- The radio waves from the GPS satellites do travel at the speed of light, but the time of flight still matters
- From the perspective of the clock, the detector is moving towards the source and consequently the distance travelled by the particles as observed from the clock is shorter
- There is also a group saying that anything traveling faster than the speed of light would shed energy in the form of radiation, but that type of radiation was not detected
- This announcement really seemed to be a group of scientists who had results that they couldn’t explain away, so asked the scientific community as a whole to help find any holes to poke in the data.
- Multimedia
- Social Media
- Further Reading / In the News
- Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment @ news.sciencemag.org
- Tiny Neutrinos May Have Broken Cosmic Speed Limit @ NYtimes.com
- Speed-of-light results under scrutiny at Cern @ bbc.co.uk
- Faster-than-light neutrinos face time trial @ Nature.com
- Special Relativity May Answer Faster-than-Light Neutrino Mystery
- Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam @ Cornell University Library
- The OPERA neutrino velocity result and the synchronisation of clocks @ Cornell University Library
- A simple explanation of OPERA results without strange physics @ Cornell University Library
- Findings that showed faster-than-light travel were released to the public too soon @ PhysOrg.com
- OPREA – Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus
- Critics take aim at fast neutrinos
——————————————- News Byte ———————————————————
Functional Invisibility cloak! using mirage effect underwater
- The low down
- University of Dallas scientists have found a way to fashion carbon nanotubes, the same material used to improve displays and solar panels, into an invisibility cloak.
- Scientists discovered that if they heated the tubes underwater they could create a “mirage effect” to make objects completely disappear.
- Carbon nanotubes are one-molecule-thick sheets of carbon that are looped into tubes, They have the density of air, but the strength of steel.
- Significance
- The carbon nanotubes are essentially recreating the same effect by boiling the water around it and bending light with the resulting water vapor. The effect is immediate, as if somebody is turning on a light switch
- Multimedia
- Social Media
- Twitter account for CERN University of Dallas @UofDallas
- Further Reading / In the News
Error in Greenland Ice Map

- The low down
- Latest edition of Britain’s influential Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World,originally claimed that Greenland had lost 15 percent of its permanent ice cover from 1999 to 2011.
- The National Snow and Ice Data Center- NSIDC located in Colorado however came out to say it was more like 0.1% ice loss during that time.
- A glaciologist at the NSIDC center, set out to reverse-engineer the error. His best guess, after a foray into cartographic forensics, was that a mapmaker at the atlas had mistaken a center’s map of Greenland’s central, thickest ice sheet without peripheral glaciers for one showing its extent.
- Significance
- While HarperCollins subsidiary Collins Geo, publisher of the Times atlas’s 13th edition, originally stood by their maps as printed they have since apologized for the news release
- An update will come in the form of an insert, presumably issued to anyone who purchased the atlas. In addition to showing a revised version of the map, the insert will also include information about why the change was made. The Times also plans to publish “any material generated as a result of this activity” online.
- Multimedia
- Social Media
- Twitter account for NSIDC @NSIDC
- Twitter account for Times Atlas @TimesAtlas
- Further Reading / In the News
- National Snow and Ice Data Center- NSIDC
- HarperCollins The Times World Atlas
- Scientists Want Publisher to Refreeze Greenland @NYtimes.com
- Times Atlas Apologizes for Global-Warming Error @foxnews.com
- Atlas Reviewing Climate Data For Revised Greenland Map @PCMag.com
- Times Atlas reviews Greenland map accuracy after climate change row @TheGuardian
- UPDATED: Atlas Shrugged? ‘Outraged’ Glaciologists Say Mappers Misrepresented Greenland Ice Melt @ScienceMag.org
Planet Mercury Full of Strange Surprises

- The low down
- The Messenger Spacecraft orbiting Mercury has completed it’s first Mercury day of orbit
- That’s 176 Earth days, while Mercury’s years is a mere 88 Earth Days, that’s 2 years / day
- The first 6 months of data was released including information on magnetic field, Mercury’s
tenuous exoshpere, and surface composition - The surface composition of Mercury is different the other inner rocky planets
- there are huge expanses of volcanic plain in the surrounding the noNorthern polar region
- Evidence suggests that it formed during a different time than the other inner planets
- There are also substantially hier amounts of sulfur and potassium than predicted (both vaporize at high temperatures, so extreme high-temperature events in it’s past are ruled out)
- Scientists have also discovered vents, measuring up to 25 kilometers (km) (15.5 miles) in length, that appear to be the source of some of the tremendous volumes of very hot lava that have rushed out over the surface
- Mercury has a weak magnetic field
- Multimedia
- Social Media
- Further Reading / In the News
Japans Answer to another Tsunami mini Noah’s Arks?
- The low down
- A Japanese company has developed a floating capsule that looks like a huge tennis ball and is made of enhanced fiberglass
- The 300,000yen / $3,900 unit can hold 4 adults, has a small lookout window and has breathing holes on top.
- Multimedia
- Further Reading / In the News
The complete Astronaut Dad comic revealed at New York Comic-con
- A graphic novel that tells a moving, fictional story about a group of backup astronauts in the early 1960s, and the complicated relationships they have with their families.
- Astronaut Dad @ Amazon.com
——————————————–Science Calender——————————————————
Looking back this week
- Oct 14, 1947 – 64 years ago – A loud boom cracked the skies above California when Chuck Yeager became the first official person to break the sound barrier, although there are other plausible claims with eyewitnesses and instruments that strongly imply that George Welch was the actual first person to break the sound barrier, beating Yeager by a mere 30 min he lacked a ‘properly’ monitored flight to become the official first person person.
- Oct 18, 1954 – 57 years ago – Texas Instruments of Texas and Industrial Development Engineering Associates (I.D.E.A.) of Indiana brought together the entertainment medium of the radio and the cutting edge technology of transistors and the first commercially available transistor radio the Regency TR–1 became available. Newsreel from 1954
TI introduced the first trasistor radio - Oct 22, 1958 – 53 years ago – X marked the spot to a decline in carbon paper and mimeograph machines when the worlds first Xerox copy was made. (Utilizing xerography. Image of the Xerox copy made First Xerox commercial ever 1959 Commercial Xerox 914 – The World’s First Plain Paper Copier
Looking up this week
- Keep an eye out for
- This month Saturn sets just before Jupiter rises, and Venus is moving from the morning sky before dawn to the evening sky.
- This month Jupiter is in opposition (opposite the sun to us), but it makes for good observations
- Jupiter is roughly 45° up in the late evening skies to the East (height depends on where you are and what time your observing)
- In the Pre-Dawn hours of the 20–22 you can see the Waning Moon in the SE about half way up the sky, along with the planet Mars
- You might also be able to see a few Orionid metoers later this week in the SE skies as they peak in the Early morning hours of Saturday Oct 22, waiting till just after midnight might get you rates of up to 25 meteors per hour ( ~ 1/ 2.5 min )
- The ROSAT X-ray observatory, launched in 1990 by NASA and managed for years by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), will re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere within the next two weeks. Current best estimates place the re-entry between Oct. 21st and 24th over an unknown part of Earth. (A Day before re-entry the estimate will be +/- 5 hours)
- ROSAT re-entry page
- Check the links for more information and updates, when and where you can see satellites going over head and even ongoing data updates on the chances of Aurora where you live
- More on whats in the sky this week
